In a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, investigators report on the results of 12 surveys conducted among a population-based cohort in 30 communities in Rakai, Uganda, from 1999 to 2016 to analyse the association between new HIV infections and the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy and voluntary medical male circumcision. The study provides empirical evidence that implementing a combination of proven HIV prevention measures can substantially reduce HIV incidence in a population.