This publication provides guidance to governments, civil society organisations (nongovernmental organisations and community-based organisations) and other partners implementing HIV prevention, care and treatment programmes with key populations. The guide is designed to assist these programs in the development of monitoring systems for frontline workers (such as peer outreach workers, staff outreach supervisors and programme managers) to assess performance. It includes comprehensive tools and forms that staff at various levels can use to collect and analyse data to manage and improve a programme.